there be存在句式的基礎知識

英語中的there be結構主要表示某處存在有某物，所以通常被稱為存在句。其中的there為引導詞，無詞義，be為謂語動詞，there be后面的名詞為句子主語。

there存在句式的用法

there be結構的主謂一致問題

在there be句型中，若句子只有一個主語，謂語的數則取決于該主語的數;若有幾個主語并列，則通常是與靠近的主語保持一致。如：

There is no cause for anxiety.不必焦慮。

There is some dirt on your coat.你的外套上有灰塵。

There are twenty children present.在座的有20個孩子。

There is a teacher and some students over there.那邊有一位老師和一些學生。

there be結構的時態問題

there be結構的時態由其中的謂語動詞be來體現，它可以有一般現在時、一般將來時、一般過去時、現在完成時以及過去完成時等多種時態形式。如：

There will be a rise in unemployment next year.明年失業人數將會增加。

There have been a series of car accidents at the crossing.在這個交叉路口已發生了一連串的車禍。

There had been two sea fights between them.他們之間發生了兩場海戰。

there be結構與情態動詞連用

there be結構有時可以與情態動詞連用。如：

There may be an opportunity for you to see the premier.你可能有機會見到總理。

There must be something wrong with my left arm, which is asleep.我的左臂發麻，一定出什么問題了。

There used to be a lot of troubles in that region.那個地區過去動亂不斷。

there be結構的非謂語形式

there be結構的非謂語形式有兩種基本結構，即there being和there to be。一般說來，there being結構主要用作狀語或介詞賓語;There to be結構主要用作動詞賓語。如：

There being no further business, I declared the meeting closed.沒有更進一步的情況(討論)，我就宣布閉會。

There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute.現在有點希望可以解決這次爭端。

We expect there to be more discussion about this.我們期望能對此展開更多的討論。

注：用作介詞賓語一般用there being，但用作介詞for的賓語時，只能用there to be。比較：

They planned on there being another meeting.他們打算再開一次會議。

They planned for there to be another meeting.他們打算再開一次會議。

There be句式的特殊用法

1. There be存在句：——最原始最典型的倒裝

談到倒裝句，人們都不陌生，認為它是一個很重要的句式。其實，在一個人剛剛開始學英語的時候，就已經學到了真正意義上的倒裝句：There be句型。

There is a book on the desk.去掉引導詞There，原來的倒裝句則變成：A book is on the desk.

What is there on the desk?實際等于說：What is on the desk?

There be是倒裝句，表存在，不必細說。

2. There +不及物動詞+主語：——最常見的倒裝

There lived an man in the forest long ago.很久以前，森林中住著一位老人。

There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山頂上有一座廟。

There goes the bell. Let’s have our class.鈴聲響了，我們上課吧。

最后一句There goes the bell. There除了引起句子結構的倒裝外，還提醒聽者注意。

3.“There + be +過去分詞+主語”和“There + be +過去分詞+主語”——最特殊的倒裝

▲“There + be +過去分詞+主語”，其實是被動語態的變式，去掉引導詞There，還原本來面目。現在，我直接使用網友的句子為例：

There are now published millions of books very year in 　　China　　.

等于：Millions of books are now published very year in China.

On the following day, there was held a splendid banquet.

等于：On the following day, a splendid banquet was held.

There was shownat the exhibition an electronic computer made in 　　Shanghai　　.

等于：An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shownat the exhibition.

▲“There + be +現在分詞+主語”，其實是不及物動詞進行時態的變式，去掉引導詞There，還原本來面目。現在，我直接使用網友的句子為例：

There were running in the garden a group of children aged from seven to twelve.

等于：A group of children aged from seven to twelve were running in the garden.

【我的觀點】任何事物的出現都是有原因的，語言現象亦然。我認為，there的上述用法，體現了語言的3個方面。概括起來，不外乎以下幾個原因：

語用方面：There置于句首，具有提示、提醒作用。如：There goes the bell. Let’s have our class.

2.修辭方面：There置于句首，旨在使句子勻稱。如：There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai.

若說：An electronic computer made in Shanghai was shown at the exhibition.會顯得頭重腳輕。

3.語法方面：There置于句首，改變句子的正常結構。去掉引導詞There之后，變成正常語序，以上三種情況的例句，分別為：

(1)There is a book on the desk.→A book is on the desk.

(2)There lived an old man in the forest long ago.→An old man lived in the forest long ago.

(3)There are now published millions of books very year in 　　China　　.→Millions of books are now published very year in China.

【說明】There置于句首，如果沒有實際詞匯意義，往往引起句子結構的倒裝。如果有實際詞匯意義(“在那里”)，則不然。試比較：

There stands a temple on the top of the mountain. (There沒有實際意義)

There I saw my old friend Tom. (There表示“在那里”)

“there be+名詞+動詞”結構用法歸納

1.there be+賓語+現在分詞。

現在分詞表示主動關系，同時表示動作正在進行：

There is someone waiting for him.有人在等他。

There was a man standing in front of me.我前面站著一個男人。

There were some children swimming in the river.有些小孩在河里游泳。

There were a group of young people working in the fields.有一群青年在地里勞動。

有時現在分詞可表示一種狀態：

There’s a piano standing against the wall.靠墻有一架鋼琴。

There’re a lot of difficulties facing us.我們面前有很多困難。

There is a door leading to the garden.有一座門通往花園。

有個別現在分詞用于該結構時可以表示將來(正如它們可用進行時表示將來一樣)：

There are ten people coming to dinner.有10個人來吃晚飯。

2.there be+賓語+過去分詞。

過去分詞表示一種被動關系，同時表示動作已經發生：

There is nothing written on it.上面沒寫東西。

There were ten people killed in the accident.事故中有10人喪生。

有時過去分詞也可表示一種狀態(可轉換成被動結構)：

There were some old men seated (=who were seated) in the back.有些老人坐在后面。

There is a red car parked (=which is parked) outside the house.房子外邊停著一輛紅色汽車。

3.there be+賓語+不定式。

不定式通常表示動作尚未發生：

There was nobody to look after the child.沒有人照顧這孩子。

There was a large crowd to send him off.有一大群人要來給他送行。

There was so much to lose that we couldn’t take any risks.可能會有很大的損失，因此我們不能冒險。

【注】當其中的賓語與其后的不定式為被動關系時，可用主動表被動，也可用被動式：

There is much work to do [to be done].有許多工作要做。

有時其中的不定式為系表結構：

There is nothing to be afraid of.沒什么可怕的。

What was there to be afraid of.有什么可怕的?

There’s nothing to be ashamed of.沒有什么值得羞愧的。

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