倒裝句的基礎(chǔ)知識

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等詞語的目的而顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句。在倒裝句中，顛倒了的成分可以恢復(fù)原位而句意基本不變，句法成分不變。

倒裝句的用法

1. 否定副詞位于句首時的倒裝

在正式文體中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首，則其后要用部分倒裝：

I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會寬恕他。

He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃飯。

She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她幾乎沒時間聽音樂。

He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白這個會議的重要性。

We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我們剛到機(jī)場,飛機(jī)就起飛了。

【注意】

(1) 對于not…until句型，當(dāng)not until…位于句首時，其后的主句要用倒裝語序：

He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才離開這房間。

(2) 某些起副詞作用的介詞短語，由于含有否定詞，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒裝：

On no accounts must this switch be touched. 這個開關(guān)是絕不能觸摸的。

In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.無論如何我也不會再借錢給他了。

但是，in no time(立即，馬上)位于句首時，其后無需用倒裝語序：

In no time he worked out the problem. 他馬上就算出了那道題。

2.“only+狀語”位于句首時的倒裝

當(dāng)一個狀語受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時，其后用部分倒裝語序：

Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那時他才意識到他錯了。

Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用這種方法才能把它做好。

Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時，才知道出了什么事。

3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首時的倒裝

副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時，其后用部分倒裝：

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我們幾乎沒法想像它的速度。

So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來得非常突然，我們來不及逃跑。

4.“so+助動詞+主語”倒裝

當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者，通常就要用“So+助動詞+主語”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：

You are young and so am I. 你年輕，我也年輕。

She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂，我也喜歡。

If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。

【注意】

(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情況，要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況，則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor：

You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年輕，我也不年輕。

She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她沒有讀它，我也沒有讀。

(2) 注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“so+主語+特殊動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：

"It was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷。”“的確很冷。”

"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答應(yīng)過的。”“嗯，是答應(yīng)過。”

5. 由not only…but also引出的倒裝

當(dāng)not only…but also位于句首引出句子時，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒裝形式：

Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不僅是一位教師，而且是一位詩人。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。

6. 虛擬條件句的省略與倒裝

當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時，如將if省略，則要將had, were, should等移到主語前，構(gòu)成倒裝句：

Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天來，你就會見到他了。

Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。

Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你幫助，我會仍然無家可歸。

【注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助動詞：

Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢，我就會買它。

完全倒裝的四種主要類型

1. here 和there位于句首時的倒裝

表示地點(diǎn)的here和 there位于句首時，其后用完全倒裝形式。這類倒裝句的謂語通常是動詞be和come, go等表示移動或動態(tài)的不及物動詞：

Here’s Tom. 湯姆在這里。

There’s Jim. 吉姆在那兒。

Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來了。

There goes the bell. 鈴響了。

There goes the last train. 最后一班火車開走了。

【注意】

(1) 以上倒裝句中的謂語動詞come和go不能用進(jìn)行時態(tài)，即不能說 Here is coming the bus。

(2) 若主語為代詞，則不倒裝：

Here I am. 我在這兒。/ 我來了。

Here it comes. 它來了。

(3) 其中的動詞有時也可能是stand, lie, live等表示狀態(tài)的動詞(表示存在)：

There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墻放著一張書桌。

Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 從前有個人名叫比夫。

2. away和down等位于句首時的倒裝

地點(diǎn)副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首時，其后用完全倒裝語序。這類倒裝句的謂語通常表示動態(tài)的不及物動詞：

Away went the runners. 賽跑選手們跑遠(yuǎn)了。

Round and round flew the plane. 飛機(jī)盤旋著。

The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 門開了，史密斯先生進(jìn)了來。

Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，傘都撐起來了。

【注意】

若主語為人稱代詞，則不能用倒裝：

Away he went. 他跑遠(yuǎn)了。

Down it came. 它掉了下來。

3. 狀語或表語位于句首時的倒裝

為了保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接緊密，有時可將狀語或表語置于句首，句中主語和謂語完全倒裝：

Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當(dāng)中。

By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗戶邊坐著一個年輕人，手里拿著一本雜志。

【注意】

在表語置于句首的這類倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意其中的謂語應(yīng)與其后的主語保持一致，而不是與位于句首的表語保持一致。比較：

In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只貓。

In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些貓。

4. 分詞和不定式置于句首的倒裝

有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，可將謂語部分的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞或不定式置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝：

Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一個古老的村莊被埋在這沙土之中。

Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。

To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列問題要仔細(xì)考慮。

涉及only的倒裝及考題分析

按英語習(xí)慣同，當(dāng)“only+狀語”位于句首時，其后句子要用部分倒裝。如：

Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那時他才意識到他錯了。

Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用這種方法才能把它做好。

Only in this way can our honour be saved. 只有這樣，才能保住我們的榮譽(yù)。

Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那時我才明白她的意思。

Only after her death was I able to appreciate her. 只有到她死后我才認(rèn)識到她的價值。

Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時,才知道出了什么事。

Only in this way can we learn English. 只有這樣才能學(xué)會英語。

The pilot reassured the passengers. Only then did I realize how dangerous the situation had been. 飛機(jī)駕駛員要乘客們放心，這時我才明白剛才的情況有多危險。

Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. 他只有叫喊才能讓別人聽到他。

Only when we landed did we see how badly the plane had been damaged. 我們只是在著陸之后才看到飛機(jī)損壞的嚴(yán)重程度。

Only on one point do I agree with you. 只有一點(diǎn)，我同意你的說法。

涉及副詞so的兩類常考倒裝

這類倒裝主要見于以下兩種情形：

1. 當(dāng)副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時，其后要用部分倒裝。如：

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我們幾乎沒法想象它的速度。

So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來得非常突然，我們來不及逃跑。

2. 當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者，通常就要用“So+助動詞+主語”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

You are young and so am I. 你年輕，我也年輕。

She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂，我也喜歡。

If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。

倒裝句中的主謂一致

在“副詞here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away等、作狀語或表語的介詞短語或分詞短語+謂語動詞+主語”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞的數(shù)由動詞后面的主語決定。如：

On the wall hang two maps. 墻上掛著兩張地圖。

On the wall hangs a world of map. 墻上掛著一張世界地圖。

Here is your coat. 這是你的外套。

Here are your running-shoes. 這是你的跑鞋。

Such is the result. 結(jié)果就是這樣。

Such are the results. 這就是結(jié)果。

副詞后的倒裝

here 和 there 之后以及諸如 back, down, off, up 等一類的副詞小品詞之后，名詞主語一般置于謂語之后。這類副詞常與諸如 come 和 go 等轉(zhuǎn)移動詞一起連用。如：

Here comes a taxi! There goes the last train! 有輛出租車來了! 最后一班火車開走了! (注意這里不可用進(jìn)行時)

Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，傘都撐了起來。

當(dāng)我們給人東西或確定位置時，這種倒裝常用在be之后(主語往往是復(fù)數(shù))。如：

Here’s a cup of tea for you. 給你一杯茶。(給東西)

Here’s your letters. 這兒有你的信。(給與或指明)

There’s (重讀) Johnny smith. 約翰尼·史密斯在那兒。(確定位置)

主語如是代詞則不倒裝。如：

Here it comes. 它來了。

There she goes. 她走了。

Up it went. 它上去了。

Here you are. 給你。

There she is. 她在那兒。

地點(diǎn)狀語后的倒裝

地點(diǎn)狀語后面如有表示位置的動詞 (如lie, live, sit, stand) 或轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞 (如come, go, rise)，用作主語的名詞可以放在動詞之后。這種情形主要出現(xiàn)在描寫文中。如：

At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. 那座小教堂矗立在山頂上。

In the fields of poppies lay the dying soldiers. 罌粟地里躺著奄奄一息的士兵們。

別的動詞如屬被動語態(tài)也可以倒裝。

In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 遠(yuǎn)處可以見到紫色的山。

主語如是代詞則不能倒裝：

At the top of the hill it stood out against the sky. 它背襯青天矗立在山頂上。

否定副詞之后的倒裝

否定或近似否定副詞(往往是時間或頻度副詞，如never, rarely, seldom)，或是具有否定作用的副詞，如 little, on no account 等。如：

Never / Seldom has there been so much protest against the Bomb. 這么強(qiáng)烈的反對原子彈的抗議活動從未 / 很少 / 有過。

Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他對這個會議的重要性不甚了了。

On no account must you accept any money if he offers it. 他如要給你錢，你可絕不能接受。

當(dāng)這種副詞不在句首時，當(dāng)然應(yīng)該用正常詞序：

There has never / seldom been so much protest against the Bomb. 從未 / 很少發(fā)生過這么強(qiáng)烈的反對原子彈的抗議活動。

He little realizes how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白這個會議的重要性。

另外，有些含有否定意義的介詞短語置于句首時，其后也要用倒裝。如：

In no case should you give up. 你絕不能放棄。

On no condition should we tell her about it. 我們絕不能把此事告訴她。

On no accounts must this switch be touched.這個開關(guān)是絕 不能觸摸的。

In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.無論如何我也不會再借錢給他了。

Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 你無論如何都不該把錢借給他。

No way will I go on working for that man. 我不再給那個人工作了。

涉及not only…but also…的部分倒裝

not only…but also…前后連接兩個句子時，not only后的句子要用部分倒裝，但but also后的分句不用倒裝。如：

Not only did he come, but he saw her. 他不僅來了，而且還見到了她。

Not only does she speak Spanish, (but) she also knows how to type. 她不但會說西班牙語，還會打字呢。

Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不僅是一位教師，而且是一位詩人。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。

Not only did they present a musical performance, but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments. 他們不但做了音樂表演，而且簡短地介紹了西方銅管樂器的歷史。

類似So / Neither do I的部分倒裝

so / neither / nor表示前面所說的情況也適合于后者時，其句型是：so / neither / nor+特殊詞+主語。使句此句型需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：①內(nèi)容是肯定時，用so，內(nèi)容是否定時，用neither或nor;②“特殊詞”與前句中的情態(tài)動詞、助動詞或be相同，或根據(jù)前句的時態(tài)，用do, does, did;③“特殊詞”的人稱和數(shù)與其后的主語一致;④“特殊詞”本身沒有否定形式。如：

You are young and so am I. 你年輕，我也年輕。

She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂，我也喜歡。

If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。

You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年輕，我也不年輕。

She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她沒有讀它，我也沒有讀。

涉及so…that的部分倒裝

在so... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中，若將so+adj. / adv. 置于句首，則其后的主句要用部分倒裝。如：

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里。

So much did they eat that they could not move for the next hour. 他們吃得太多了，一個小時都動彈不得。

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他講話聲音那么大，隔壁屋里的人都聽得見。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我們幾乎沒法像它的速度。

So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來得非常突然，我們來不及逃跑。

類似地，當(dāng)such…that…結(jié)構(gòu)的such…置于句首時，such后的句子也要使用部分倒裝。如：

Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him. 他像個很和藹的人，所以我們都喜歡他。

表語或狀語置于句首時的完全倒裝

有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或者為了使句子平衡或者為了使上下文連接得更加緊密，就將表語和地點(diǎn)狀語(多為介詞短語)置于句首，謂語動詞也常置于主語前，構(gòu)成完全倒裝。如：

By the door stood an armed guard. 門口站著一名手持武器的士兵。

At the next table was a pretty girl waiting for someone. 隔壁桌上坐著一個等人的漂亮姑娘。

Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當(dāng)中。

By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗戶邊坐著一個年輕人，手里拿著一本雜志。

At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book. 書的前部有目錄，詳列了書中的內(nèi)容。

as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時的倒裝

as作“雖然”解，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，必須將表語、狀語或動詞原形提到as前面。此時應(yīng)注意幾點(diǎn)：一是若提前的表語是沒有形容詞修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，要省略不定冠詞;二是若提前的是動詞原形(多為不及物動詞)，與之連用的通常是may, might, will, would等，且這些詞都要保留在原來的位置上(主語后);三是though有時也可像as這樣使作倒裝。如：

Tired as I was, I tried to help them. 雖然我很累，我還是努力幫助他們。

Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door. 他試過多次了, 卻仍打不開那門。

Search as they would, they would find nobody in the house. 無論怎樣搜查，他們在房子里仍然沒有找到一個人。

Hard as (though) they tried, they couldn’t make her change her mind. 盡管他們做了很大努力，卻沒法讓她改變主意。

Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他雖是個男孩，但舉止卻像個女孩。

非謂語動詞置于句首的倒裝

有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，可將謂語部分的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞或不定式置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝。如：

Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一個古老的村莊被埋在這沙土之中。

Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。

To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列問題要仔細(xì)考慮。

倒裝句式的用法講解視頻

特殊句式相關(guān)的其他視頻

倒裝用法講解

高考沖刺：倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)、省略、反意疑問句等特殊句型

主謂一致和倒裝

it用法及強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

省略與it的用法

英語語法省略

省略用法講解

我存在，我表達(dá)There be句型精講

倒裝句式的用法練習(xí)題

【典型考題】(答案分別為BBA)

1. So difficult _________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.

A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found

2. _________ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.

A. so curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple

C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious

3. —It’s burning hot today, isn’t it?—Yes. _________ yesterday.

A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it

特別說明：

(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情況，要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況，則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor。如：

You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年輕，我也不年輕。

She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她沒有讀它，我也沒有讀。

請看考題(答案選D)：

Mary never does any reading in the evening, _________.

A. so does John B. John does too

C. John doesn’t too D. nor does John

(2) 注意“So+助動詞+主語”與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“So+主語+助動詞”的區(qū)別。如：

“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “昨天很冷。”“的確很冷。”

請看考題(答案分別為CD)：

1. — Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. —_________, and so did I.

A. So she had B. So had she C. So she did D. So did she

2.—Father, you promised! —Well, _________. But it was you who didn’t keep your word first.

A. so was I B. so did I C. so I was D. so I did

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