關系代詞的基礎知識

關系代詞指的是代表先行詞，同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。關系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。關系代詞用來引導定語從句。

語法是語言的組織規律，任何人在使用語言時，不管他是否學過語法，但都必須合乎語法。另外，總結語法本身的規律也能加深我們對語言的理解，讓我們能夠真正熟練地運用語言。

關系代詞的用法

1. 關系代詞的用法。

主要的關系代詞有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人，which, as 只用于指事物，whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。關系代詞在定語從句主要用于主語、賓語(可以省略)、表語或定語：

He is the man who [that] lives next door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那個人。

How do you like the photo that [which] I took? 你覺得我拍的這張照片怎么樣?

This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。

I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找個能和我談音樂的人。

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請，這是她意想不到的。

2. that 與 which的用法區別。

兩者都可指物，常可互換。其區別主要在于：

(1) 引導非限制性定語從句時，通常要用which：

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請，這是她意想不到的。

(2) 直接放在介詞后作賓語時，通常要用which：

The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個工具叫做錘子。

(3) 當先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等時，通常用that：

There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敵人無法,只有投降了。

All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。

(4) 當先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時，通常用that：

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個。

Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。

(5) 當先行詞有形容詞最高級或序數詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時，通常用that：

This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應該做的第一件事是訂個計劃。

(6) 當關系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時，通常用that：

China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。

(7) 當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時，通常用that：

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談論了使他們印象最深的人和事。

(8) 當要避免重復時：

Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?

3. that與who的用法區別。

(1) 兩者均可指人，有時可互換：

All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。

Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris? 你遇見過到過巴黎的人嗎?

He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。

(2) 但是在下列情況，通常要用 that：

①當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時：

I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國外所見到的人和事作了報告。

②當先行詞是who時(為避免重復)：

Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 誰贏得了1982年的世界杯?

③當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(可省略)：

Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個樣子了。

4. as與which的用法區別

(1) 引導限制性定語從句時，在such, as, the same后只能用as，其他情況用 which：

I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過他講那樣的故事。

It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 這故事跟我昨天聽到的一樣。

This is the photo which shows my house. 這張照片拍的是我的住宅。

(2) 引導非限制性定語從句時，有時兩者可互換：

I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠，這你是知道的。

(3) 但在，在以下情況引導非限制性定語從句時，兩者不可換用：

① 當從句位于主句前面時，只用 as：

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月繞地球轉一周，這是每個人都清楚的。

② as 引導的非限制性定語從句應與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無此限制：

He went abroad, as [which] was expected. 他出國了，這是大家預料到的。

He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國了，這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as)

③ as 引導非限制性定語從句時，先行詞通常不能是主句中某個具體的詞，而應是整個句子、整個短語或某個短語推斷出來的概念，而which 則無此限制：

The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

④ 當as 引導非限制性定語從句作主語時，其謂語通常應是連系動詞，而不宜是其他動詞，而 which則無此限制：

She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又結婚了，這似乎很自常。

She has married again, which delighted us. 她又結婚了，這使我們很高興。(不用as)

5. who與whom的用法區別。

兩者均只用于人，從理論上說，who 為主格，whom為賓格：

Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 賣票的女孩在哪里?

The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評論中批評的那個作者已寫了一封回信。

但實際上，除非在正式文體中，賓格關系代詞 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之：

The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你剛遇見的那個人叫吉姆。

不過，在以下幾種情況值得注意：

(1) 直接跟在介詞后面作賓語時，只能用 whom，而且不能省略：

She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她帶了3個朋友來，我以前都沒見過。

(2) 引導非限制性定語從句且作賓語時，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 為佳，此時也不能省略：

This is Jack, who [whom] you haven't met before. 這是杰克，你以前沒見過。

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