一、 主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的概念

1)He opened the door. 他開了門。

以上例句是一個(gè)主動(dòng)句，主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者/發(fā)出者

2)The door was opened by him. 門被開了。

第二個(gè)例句是一個(gè)被動(dòng)句，主語是動(dòng)作的承受者

漢語中表示被動(dòng)的詞：被…/ 由…/ 受…/ 給…

英語中表被動(dòng)用：be+過去分詞構(gòu)成

二、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法

1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種句型

肯定句：主語+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+(by)

eg: My phone was made in China.

否定句：主語+be not+過去分詞+(by)

eg: My phone wasn’t made in China.

一般疑問句：Be+主語+過去分詞+(by)?

eg: Was your phone made in China?

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+be+主語+過去分詞+(by)?

eg: Where was your phone made?

2)不同時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

3) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法

當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by短語。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.

昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰打破的)

They have been poorly paid.

他們的工資太低。(沒必要指出工資是誰付的)

突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。

These books are written especially for children.

這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“這些書”)

三、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1)一般情況下主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)

主動(dòng)句：He closed the door.

變被動(dòng)句：The door was closed by him.

口訣：賓變主，主變賓，謂變be done, 時(shí)不變，數(shù)格必須隨被變。

2)主動(dòng)語態(tài)中若有雙賓語

Vivian gave me a book. 雙賓語(me是間賓， book是直賓)

-I was given a book by Vivian. 間接賓語提前

-A book was given to me by Vivian. 直接賓語提前時(shí)，要在間接賓語前加介詞

動(dòng)詞make/buy/get用for; 動(dòng)詞give/send/lend/take用to

3) “感使動(dòng)詞” (feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, look at)真奇怪，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“to”走開，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)又請(qǐng)來，十個(gè)動(dòng)詞要記牢，不會(huì)被它再難倒。

We saw him play football on the playground.

我們看見他在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。

變被動(dòng)：He was seen to play football on the playground.

他被我們看到在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。

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