一、詞法

　　1、名詞

　　A）、名詞的數(shù)

　　我們知道名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，而不可數(shù)名詞它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但可數(shù)名詞卻有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分，復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下：

　　一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

　　二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

　　三）1）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

　　2）以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

　　四）以o結(jié)尾加s（外來詞）。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯

　　五）以f或fe結(jié)尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

　　六）單復(fù)數(shù)相同（不變的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

　　七）一般只有復(fù)數(shù)，沒有單數(shù)的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

　　八）單詞形式不變，既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學(xué), family家，家庭成員

　　九）合成的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加主要名詞，多數(shù)為后一個單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時為復(fù)數(shù)。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

　　十）有的單復(fù)數(shù)意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時間 times時代, 次數(shù), chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞

　　十一） 單個字母的復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs

　　十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

　　B）名詞的格

　　當(dāng)我們要表示某人的什么東西或人時，我們就要使用所有格形式。構(gòu)成如下：

　　一）單數(shù)在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

　　二）復(fù)數(shù)以s結(jié)尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s結(jié)尾的與單數(shù)一樣處理。如：Teachers’ Day教師節(jié), classmates’; Children’s Day六一節(jié), Women’s Day三八節(jié)

　　三）由and并列的名詞所有時，如果是共同所有同一人或物時，只加最后一個’s，但分別擁有時卻分別按單數(shù)形式處理。如：Mike and Ben’s room邁克和本的房間（共住一間），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms邁克和本的房間（各自的房間）

　　2、代詞

　　項目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
　　人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
　　第一人稱 單數(shù) I me my mine myself
　　復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
　　第二人稱 單數(shù) you you your yours yourself
　　復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
　　第三人稱 單數(shù) she her her hers herself
　　he him his his himself
　　it it its its this that itself
　　復(fù)數(shù) they them their theirs these those themselves

　　3、動詞

　　A） 第三人稱單數(shù)

　　當(dāng)動詞是第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞應(yīng)該像名詞的單數(shù)變動詞那樣加s，如下：

　　一）一般在詞后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

　　二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes

　　三）1）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

　　2）以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

　　四）以o結(jié)尾加es。如：does, goes

　　五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has

　　B） 現(xiàn)在分詞

　　當(dāng)我們說某人正在做什么事時，動詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構(gòu)成如下：

　　一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

　　二）以不發(fā)音e的結(jié)尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

　　三）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且一個元音字母＋一個輔音字母（注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要雙寫最后的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

　　四）以ie結(jié)尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

　　4、形容詞的級

　　我們在對兩個或以上的人或物進(jìn)行對比時，則要使用比較或最高級形式。構(gòu)成如下：

　　一） 一般在詞后加er或est(如果是以e結(jié)尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

　　二）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且1個元音字母＋1個輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結(jié)尾的雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

　　三） 以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

　　四）特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠(yuǎn))

　　good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst

　　little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest

　　5、數(shù)詞 (基變序，有規(guī)則；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y結(jié)尾，變?yōu)閕, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

　　二、句式

　　1.陳述句

　　肯定陳述句 a) This is a book. (be動詞)

　　b) He looks very young. (連系動詞)

　　c) I want a sweat like this. (實義動詞)

　　d) I can bring some things to school. (情態(tài)動詞)

　　e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be結(jié)構(gòu))

　　否定陳述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.

　　c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll.

　　e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)

　　2. 祈使句

　　肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!

　　c) Come in, please.

　　否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.

　　3. 疑問句

　　1) 一般疑問句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?

　　d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?

　　肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.

　　否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.

　　2) 選擇疑問句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.

　　3) 特殊疑問句

　　① 問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.

　　② 問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.

　　③ 問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.

　　④ 問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.

　　How do we contact you? My e-mail address is ***.

　　⑤ 問原因 Why do you want to join the club?

　　⑥ 問時間 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..

　　What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.

　　When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.

　　⑦ 問地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.

　　⑧ 問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.

　　What’s your favourite color? It’s black.

　　⑨ 問人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.

　　Who is the boy in blue? My brother.

　　Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.

　　Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?

　　⑩ 問東西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.

　　What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.

　　11問姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.

　　What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.

　　What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.

　　12 問哪一個 Which do you like? I like one in the box.

　　13 問字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.

　　14 問價格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.

　　15 問電話號碼 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.

　　16 問謂語(動作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.

　　17 問職業(yè)(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.

　　What’s your father? He’s a doctor.

　　三、時態(tài)

　　1、一般現(xiàn)在時 表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長期性的動作時使用一般現(xiàn)在時，它有：

　　Be 動詞：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.

　　情態(tài)動詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.

　　行為動詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.

　　Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.

　　2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 表示動詞在此時正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行就使用進(jìn)行時態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.

　　I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.

　　Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.

　　They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.

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